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4-4-4 "Reading"/"Jubilee" Locomotive: A Unique Type

Published: February 19, 2025

By: Adam Burns

Steam locomotives have long captured the imagination of rail enthusiasts, history buffs, and engineers alike. The powerful engines, the sounds of hissing steam, and the rhythmic chug of wheels on tracks evoke a sense of nostalgia and wonder.

Among these marvels, the 4-4-4 type, known as the "Reading" in the U.S. and "Jubilee" in Canada - where it had the greatest success - was an interesting but ultimately unpopular arrangement. 

Designed for passenger/commuter service, only four railroads in the U.S. experimented with the 4-4-4 including the Baltimore & Ohio; Philadelphia & Reading; Chicago, St Paul & Kansas City (Chicago Great Western); and Chicago & Northern Pacific.

Reading 4-4-4 #110, one of four the railroad owned in the C-1a Class, featured large Wootten fireboxes. The engines were rebuilt as Atlantics within a year and renumbered 350-353.

Historical Context

The 4-4-4 is characterized by four leading wheels, four driving wheels, and four trailing wheels. This type of configuration was relatively rare compared to others such as the 4-4-0 "American" or the 4-6-2 "Pacific," primarily due to the specific operational needs it served.

The "Jubilee" emerged during a period of rapid railroad expansion in the early to mid-20th century, particularly as systems sought to enhance passenger services with faster and more efficient locomotives.

In the U.S. both the Baltimore & Ohio and Philadelphia & Reading (Reading) experimented with the design but had little success.  In 1915, the Reading constructed four examples which it listed as Class C1a Class, numbered 110-113.

These locomotives demonstrated significant instability, which prompted their later conversion into the 4-4-2 "Atlantic" configuration. Consequently, they were reclassified as P7sa and renumbered 350-353.

In September 1934, B&O's Mount Clare Shops experimented with the 4-4-4 design by rebuilding a 4-4-2 "Atlantic" into the "Lady Baltimore".  Given #1 and listed as Class J-1, the engine led B&O's new streamliner the Abraham Lincoln over subsidiary Alton Railroad in the Midwest.

Despite the Alton route's relatively flat terrain and straight track, the locomotive underperformed. It was subsequently returned to B&O for further modifications at the Mount Clare shops in 1942, where it was equipped with a less streamlined cab and front end.  

It was subsequently renumbered 5330 and relegated to local service on B&O's Wheeling Division, predominantly operating between Holloway and Cleveland, Ohio. However, its performance did not improve, leading to its storage at B&O's Riverside Shop on August 11, 1949 and later scrapped.

Notable Locomotives and Rail Lines

One of the most famous series of 4-4-4 locomotives was Canadian Pacific’s "Jubilee" class, built between 1936 and 1938. These locomotives were designed by the Canadian Locomotive Company and were primarily intended for fast passenger service on the flatter sections of the CP network, particularly in Western Canada.

The "Jubilee" class featured a streamlined appearance that was both aerodynamic and visually striking, emblematic of the era’s burgeoning interest in modern, futuristic design.

CP developed two distinct classes of 4-4-4s, both featuring a semi-streamlined design similar to that of the 4-6-4 "Royal Hudson" and the 2-10-4 "Selkirk" locomotives. The F2a variant was aesthetically influenced by Milwaukee Road's Class A 4-4-2s that led the original "Hiawathas" but included a four-wheel trailing truck to accommodate a more extensive firebox.

The F2a class comprised five locomotives, numbered 3000 through 3004. A key characteristic that set them apart from the other version is that their main rods were connected to the leading pair of driving wheels.

This configuration, however, encountered issues as it often resulted in bent main rods when the locomotives operated in reverse gear. Despite this drawback, they achieved a Canadian speed record, reaching 112.5 mph during braking tests. The F2a's were marked by a sleek, streamlined pilot featuring two stainless-steel bands. Unfortunately, none of these locomotives have been preserved.

In contrast, the F1a class consisted of twenty locomotives, numbered 2910 to 2929. These engines had their main rods linked to the trailing set of driving wheels and featured a more conventional pilot design with a straight pilot beam, a drop-coupler sheet steel pilot beneath, and a standard front deck.

Of this class, two locomotives, #2928 and #2929, have been preserved. #2928 is housed at the Canadian Railway Museum in Delson, Quebec, while #2929 is located at the Steamtown National Historic Site in Scranton, Pennsylvania. These two are the only original examples still in existence as all American types were scrapped.

Operational Impact and Advantages

The "Jubilee" locomotives made a substantial impact on passenger rail services, delivering higher speeds and greater reliability. They were capable of reaching speeds of over 100 miles per hour, a remarkable achievement for steam locomotives of that time. This increase in speed reduced travel times and modernized passenger rail services, helping railways compete with emerging automobile travel.

Legacy and Preservation

Though the "Jubilees" were gradually phased out of regular service, their legacy endures in the form of preserved examples and their influence on locomotive design. 

The aesthetic and performance characteristics of the 4-4-4 type have also influenced modern locomotive restoration and reproduction efforts. Models and replicas of "Jubilee" locomotives are popular among railway modelers, keeping the spirit of these unique machines alive in enthusiasts' collections worldwide.

Conclusion

The 4-4-4 stands as a testament to human ingenuity and the relentless pursuit of speed and efficiency in passenger rail transport. While its service era was relatively short-lived, the impact of the "Jubilee" type on railway history is undeniable.

It represented a significant engineering milestone and remains a symbol of an era when the steam locomotive was at the forefront of technological progress. Today, the "Jubilee" locomotives are cherished both for their historical importance and their role in inspiring future generations of railway enthusiasts and engineers.