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Seaboard Air Line Railroad: "Through The Heart Of The South!"

Last revised: October 12, 2024

By: Adam Burns

The Seaboard Air Line was another of the South's notable railroads, competing fiercely against Atlantic Coast Line and Southern Railway.  The SAL was somewhat smaller than the ACL and never as wealthy as the Southern.  

The company struggled in its early days and later experienced a bankruptcy after the Great Depression.  It eventually got back onto its feet, pulled through these troubled times, and spent its final three decades as a profitable railroad.  

When the streamliner craze hit the nation Seaboard beat its rival in launching the Silver Meteor, which began a highly successful passenger business to the Sunshine State until Amtrak in 1971.  

After more than 100 years of continued competition, the ACL and SAL agreed to a union in the 1960s forming Seaboard Coast Line.  

As many of the South's largest railroads came together the Seaboard System was formed in the early 1980's.  This large conglomerate went on to join CSX Transportation a few years later.  Today, parts of the Seaboard network are still owned by CSX while others are operated by short lines.

Photos

One of the Seaboard Air Line's rare, Baldwin-built DR-6-4-1500s, #2702, at Tampa, Florida on February 21, 1962. Warren Calloway collection.

History

The Seaboard Air Line carries an interesting name.  It did not operate airplanes, had no connection with the airline industry, and the name "Air Line" was part of its corporate heritage more than thirty years before the Wright Brothers' First Flight!  

The term was largely a marketing gimmick used by early promoters to describe a high-speed, arrow-straight railroad that was built with high fills, deep cuts, and towering bridges to achieve a low-grade route which passed high above the surrounding landscape.  

The term became popular during the 19th century and was a particular favorite of early interurban builders.  However, as everyone soon realized, such a well-engineered line proved far too expensive to be built at a reasonable cost.  The history of the Seaboard Air Line began long before acquiring its unique name.  

Portsmouth & Roanoke Rail Road

It started humbly, as did most railroads in those days, to serve the Norfolk region.  On March 8, 1832 the Portsmouth & Roanoke Rail Road (P&R) was granted a charter by the Virginia General Assembly to connect Portsmouth, Virginia with Weldon, North Carolina running in a southwesterly direction.  The initial 17 miles opened to Suffolk on September 4, 1834.

However, three more years would pass before the entire 78.6 miles was completed, opening for business in June of 1837.  

Here, the road made a connection with its future rival, Atlantic Coast Line predecessor Wilmington & Raleigh.  Beset with financial struggles the P&R entered receivership and was reorganized as the Seaboard & Roanoke in 1846.  

Expansion

There was little further growth for more than 20 years until after the Civil War.  In 1871 the P&R gained control of the Raleigh & Gaston, a system that had been incorporated in 1835 to connect Raleigh with Gaston, North Carolina (not far from Weldon).  Its construction began in 1836 but monetary issues caused delays and it was not finished until March 21, 1840.  

According to Mike Schafer's book, "More Classic American Railroads," despite its completion the road continued to founder, which led to the state of North Carolina becoming involved in 1845  

It oversaw things for several years including the 1853 opening of an interchange with the P&R at Weldon.  This link provided a continuous, all-rail route from Raleigh to the Norfolk area.

The R&G takeover also gave the P&R control of the Raleigh & Augusta Air-Line Railroad which the former road controlled.  This was the first time "Air Line" appeared as part of a Seaboard predecessor. 

The R&AA-L began as the Chatham Railroad, chartered by the state in February 14, 1855 (from the 1877 booklet, "History Of The Raleigh & August Air-Line Railroad" compiled by Walter Clark, Attorney At Law) to build a rail line, "...between Deep River, at or near the Coalfields, in the county of Chatham, and the City of Raleigh or some point on the North Carolina Railroad."  

The project was riddled with delays and finally reorganized as the Raleigh & Augusta Air-Line in 1871.  It eventually reached Hamlet in 1877 which in later years was a major SAL terminal point.  

With a route that now extended through North Carolina the three roads offered a competitive network serving several important cities.  The South was also blossoming into an industrial giant in the area of cotton, agriculture/farming, textiles, and manufacturing.

Logo

The Seaboard Air Line Railroad logo. Author's work.

Together the R&G, P&R, and R&AA-L formed the backbone of the future Seaboard Air Line.  It was all tied together by businessman John M. Robinson who had acquired financial control of the trio in 1875.  

As a marketing tactic they were collectively known as the "Seaboard Air-Line System."  The name initially had no legal authority although as Robinson continued to extend southward that would change.  The first known official use of "Seaboard Air Line" appeared when it was pushing towards Atlanta.

It had already acquired the Georgia, Carolina & Northern Railway which intended to reach that city from Monroe, North Carolina.  Construction began in 1887 and was completed as far as Inman Park, east of Atlanta, by 1892.  

However, an ordinance prevented it from reaching the city directly.  To circumvent this issue the Seaboard Air Line Belt Railroad (SALB) was chartered in 1892 to build an 8-mile branch and a connection with the Nashville, Chattanooga & St. Louis at Howells.  From there the SALB utilized trackage rights over the Dixie Line to reach the downtown area.  

Just prior to this event Robinson would link Rutherfordton and Wilmington, North Carolina via Charlotte and Hamlet by acquiring the Carolina Central Railroad in 1883.  Rail service between these cities opened in 1887.

Seaboard Air Line F3A #4026, and other power, lays over in Alexandria, Virginia; July 21, 1963. American-Rails.com collection.

His railroad empire had now grown into a major regional system.  With an eye towards further expansion into the Deep South a subsidiary known as the Palmetto Railroad was formed.  It was chartered in 1882 in South Carolina and a year later in North Carolina.  

It had constructed 18 miles from Hamlet to Cheraw, South Carolina by 1887 before Robinson lost control of his empire in 1899.  In February that year Richmond bankers John L. Williams & Sons acquired a majority interest and looked to continue expansion.  

On July 1, 1900 they formed the Seaboard Air Line Railway to acquire all assets of the Robinson holdings and extend service both north and south (in 1901 the predecessors were officially merged into the new company).  One goal was already well underway, a direct link to the important city of Richmond.  

Robinson had already been pushing towards that city through the Richmond, Petersburg & Carolina.  It ran from a connection with the Raleigh & Gaston at Norlina, North Carolina and was ready for service by May of 1900.

Seaboard Air Line 2-8-2 #392 is seen here in service during the 1950s. Location not recorded. Ed Olsen photo. American-Rails.com collection.

Now under new ownership the William interests pushed southward and were well positioned to transform the Seaboard into a major southern system.  They already held stakes in two prominent railroads connecting parts of South Carolina, Georgia, and Florida.  

The Georgia & Alabama, incorporated in 1853, linked Montgomery with Savannah running via Vidalia, Americus, and Richland.  The much larger Florida Central & Peninsular joined Jacksonville with Tallahassee and then pushed south to Tampa, St. Petersburg, Fort Myers, and Sarasota.

It also ran north into Georgia and South Carolina at Savannah and Columbia.  The only thing the Williams' had left to do in opening a through route from Richmond to Florida was build a new stretch from the FC&P's end of track at Columbia to the Palmetto Railroad at Cheraw .  

According to Richard Prince's book, "Seaboard Air Line Railway: Steam Boats, Locomotives, And History," this 91-mile link began construction in 1899 and was completed from Cheraw to the FC&P at Cayce (on the west side of the Congaree River in Columbia) in 1900.

Modern Network

The Seaboard's next major expansion occurred directly after this gap was closed.  It created the Atlanta & Birmingham Air Line Railway to acquire the bankrupt assets of the East & West Railroad of Alabama (E&W) in April of 1902.  

The E&W had already completed a segment from Cartersville, north of Atlanta, to Pell City, Alabama, east of Birmingham.  

The latter goal was the Seaboard's target.  By 1904 the link was established when a new route was built from Coal City, Alabama to Birmingham (37 miles) as well as a 43-mile direct connection to Atlanta via Rockmart.  With this line now in service the company focused its attention back east. 

The Georgetown & Western Railroad, serving northeastern segments of South Carolina, had been in receivership since 1902.  Realizing an opportunity to open new markets here the SAL purchased its assets in 1912, renaming it the Carolina, Atlantic & Western.  

The Seaboard went on to acquire other small, nearby properties which by 1915 gave it a connection to Charleston, Georgetown, Hartsville and Sumter from its end-of-track at Gibson, North Carolina and main line at McBee, South Carolina.  

It then built new trackage from Charleston to Savannah (90 miles).  The entire Hamlet - Charleston - Savannah line became SAL's primary freight route since it offered much easier grades than the line through Columbia.

System Map (1940)

An official, 1940 system map of the Seaboard Air Line Railroad. Author's collection.

Its very last expansion came just prior to the Great Depression when it opened a line to Miami in 1927 through subsidiaries Florida Western & Northern and the Seaboard-All Florida Railroad.  

With this link the Florida East Coast Railway, a system which had largely established the city, no longer had a monopoly down the state's Atlantic coast line.  

At this time the Seaboard reached its largest size with a network of nearly 4,500 route miles.  Unfortunately, trouble lay just over the horizon.  The depression proved extremely detrimental and it fell into bankruptcy, remaining there for more than a decade.  

However, it persevered through the 1930's by replacing some steam locomotives with diesels and launching the new streamliner, Silver Meteor, in 1939.   Its transition into a prominent southeastern railroad began at this time as it continued to improve.  

The company showed strong recovery through the World War II years by handling around 33 million tons of freight in single year during the conflict (1943).  It also began implementing Centralized Traffic Control for more efficient and safe operations on a largely single-tracked main line.

At A Glance

In Sam Appleby, Jr.'s article, "Throughout The Heart Of The South" from the February, 1949 issue of Trains Magazine, the first segment to feature CTC was the Richmond Division completed in 1941.  

Prior to decade's end CTC had been installed as far south as Raleigh and by 1965 was covering close to 1,700 miles of the SAL's network.  

The railroad continued its modernization program by retiring its steam fleet completely in 1952.  It was never as wealthy as the Coast Line and as such did not maintain a similar high-speed, double-tracked main line to Florida.  Nevertheless, by the 1960's it was one of the South's premier Class I systems.  B

y its latter years the Seaboard had quite a diverse freight traffic base which included agriculture, aggregates, cement, perishables, and iron ore. It likewise was one of the first to champion the trailer-on-flat-car (TOFC) concept in 1950.  

The Seaboard also had an extensive and popular passenger train fleet.  In addition to the aforementioned Meteor other famous trains included the Orange Blossom Special (also known as the OBS), Palmland, Suwanee River Special, and Silver Star.  

Passenger Trains

Cotton Blossom: (Washington - Atlanta)

Gulf Wind: (Jacksonville - New Orleans)

New York-Florida Limited: (New York - Miami/St. Petersburg)

Orange Blossom Special: (New York - Miami)

Palmland: (New York - Tampa/Miami/Boca Grande)

Silver Comet: (New York/Portsmouth - Birmingham)

Silver Meteor: (New York - Miami/St. Petersburg/Venice/Fort Meyers)

Silver Star: (New York - Miami/St. Petersburg/Venice/Boca Grande)

Sunland: (Washington/Portsmouth - Miami/Venice)

Suwanee River Special: (Cincinnati - Florida)

Tidewater:  (Raleigh/Norlina, North Carolina - Portsmouth, Virginia)

A trio of new GP40s lead a string of trailers southbound out of Hermitage Yard in Richmond, Virginia as the train approaches Hermitage Road during the spring of 1967. American-Rails.com collection.

Because the Floridian market remained strong through the 1960's the Seaboard, like the Coast Line, posted strong ridership during an era when most other carriers were significantly reducing services.

These numbers remained strong through the Seaboard Coast Line years until Amtrak took over on May 1, 1971.  Because of this and the markets served some of SAL's trains survived under the new carrier (Silver Meteor and Silver Star). 

In 1958 the Seaboard and Atlantic Coast Line began studying the possibility of merger, realizing a marriage could reduce expenses by combining lines and terminals since the railroads served many of the same places. 

Diesel Roster

American Locomotive Company

Baldwin Locomotive Works

Electro-Motive Division

General Electric

Seaboard Air Line 2-8-2 #446 is seen here in service, possibly in the Carolinas, during the 1940s. Ed Olsen photo. American-Rails.com collection.

Steam Roster

The Seaboard Air Line's slogan "Through The Heart Of The South" was not just a catchy advertisement.  As one of the big three Class 1 systems in the region it truly did serve most of the southeast. 

Despite its eastern seaboard location, the SAL's main line ran through the rolling hills of the Carolina Piedmont as well as the southern tip of the Appalachian Mountains to reach Atlanta as well Montgomery and Birmingham, Alabama.

As a result, the railroad did operate small fleets of larger wheel arrangements like the 2-8-8-2 and 2-6-6-4 for fast freight service between Hamlet and Richmond, as well as 2-10-0s (another fast freight engine operating between Montgomery-Savannah and Montgomery-Bainbridge), and 2-10-2s (Hamlet-Charlotte-Rutherfordton).

Generally speaking, the SAL utilized 2-8-0s and 2-8-2s for freight service and 4-6-0s, 4-6-2s, and 4-8-2s for passenger service.  The railroad officially recognized 1953 as the year steam ended in main line service although George Drury notes in his book, "Guide To North American Steam Locomotives," that a lone 0-4-0T continued to handle switching work along the street trackage in Columbus, Georgia until 1959.

Seaboard Air Line 2-6-6-4 #2503 (R-1) assists a pair of FT's in freight service, circa 1945. No location provided. These steamers were later sold to the B&O in 1947. Ed Olsen photo. American-Rails.com collection.

Switchers

Freight Locomotives

Passenger Locomotives

Articulated Designs

Seaboard Coast Line

While the SAL and ACL were competitors, similar to the Pennsylvania and New York Central that merged during the same period, their planning would pay off through the new Seaboard Coast Line formed on July 1, 1967.

Thanks to the ACL's many holdings SCL controlled several other profitable systems including the Clinchfield, Louisville & Nashville, and West Point Route.  The group went on to form the new marketing name known as "The Family Lines."  

The moniker held no corporate power until December 29, 1982 when they were formally merged into the Seaboard System.  The holding company, CSX Corporation, had been created on November 1, 1980 to eventually join the Seaboard roads and Chessie System lines into one giant conglomerate.  

That railroad was formed on July 1, 1986 when CSX Transportation (CSXT) was born.  It immediately absorbed the Seaboard System predecessors while the Chessie's subsidiaries, B&O and Chesapeake & Ohio, disappeared a year later in 1987 (the Western Maryland had vanished in 1983).

Public Timetables (August, 1952)