Last revised: October 17, 2026
By: Adam Burns
The Algoma Central Railway ran north from Sault Ste. Marie, Ontario, through the Agawa Canyon to Hearst. Reporting mark AC. Headquarters Sault Ste. Marie. George H. Drury remembered the railroad as the Route of the Black Bear. Francis H. Clergue’s company was incorporated on August 11, 1899. The finished line was a 296-mile main line to Hearst and a 26-mile branch from Hawk Junction to Michipicoten Harbour. Together those two figures are 322 miles.
On May 23, 1901, the name became the Algoma Central & Hudson Bay Railway. It returned to Algoma Central Railway in 1965. On April 30, 1990, the parent company became Algoma Central Corporation. Wisconsin Central took the railway on February 1, 1995. Canadian National acquired Wisconsin Central on October 9, 2001. In 2022 Watco began operating the line from Sault Ste. Marie to Oba as the Agawa Canyon Railroad. Canadian National kept Oba to Hearst. The canyon tour train is running a 2026 season through October 18. The steam list is 59 locomotives. The diesels bought for the railway before the 1995 sale are 42. Both rosters are on this page.
Algoma Central GP7s, led by No. 170, on the Agawa Canyon Train along the Agawa River, Ontario, on a fall day in the 1960s. Author’s collection. No. 170 was built in December 1952, serial A442.
On this page: Clergue’s railway · Hudson Bay · At a glance · Map and the 1969 table · Agawa Canyon · Steam · Forty-two diesels · Wisconsin Central and after
The company’s own history dates the incorporation to August 11, 1899, in Sault Ste. Marie, as the Algoma Central Railway Company, with an initial capitalization of $3 million. Clergue wanted a railway from the Soo out to a Canadian Pacific connection, to move iron ore and timber. Under the Land Grant Aid Act of 1900 the railway received more than 1.6 million acres. The same company put money into a Great Lakes fleet. In 1903 it entered a long financial restructuring. The railway kept operating.
The Algoma Central Railway logo. Author’s work.
The first engines were secondhand, bought in 1899. Steve Glischinski counts eleven of them: four Lehigh Valley Ten-Wheelers and seven former Chicago, Burlington & Quincy 0-4-0s. The first new power was four Baldwin 2-8-0s in 1900. Two 0-6-0s followed from the Canadian Locomotive Company at Kingston in 1902. By 1926 that early steam was gone.
R. L. Kennedy dates the new name to May 23, 1901: the Algoma Central & Hudson Bay Railway, aimed at Moose Factory on James Bay. The rails never reached Hudson Bay. Drury’s account has the line at Hawk Junction, 165 miles north of Sault Ste. Marie, in 1912, with a branch west through the iron country to Michipicoten Harbour on Lake Superior. In 1914 the railroad reached Hearst and a junction with the National Transcontinental, later Canadian National. An operating account of the steam years divides the main line into a sawtooth Soo Subdivision, those 165 miles to Hawk Junction, and a Northern Subdivision of a further 131 miles, nearly flat. The two subdivisions are the 296 miles. The October 15, 1969 public table prints Hearst at mile 296.
The Michipicoten branch is the other 26 miles. The main line and the branch are the 322 miles associated with the railroad in 1952. Hawk Junction was the place where the branch met the main line. Franz, farther north, was the Canadian Pacific interchange. Oba was the Canadian National interchange, south of Hearst. The steepest grade on the main line was a 12-mile stretch of 1.8 percent, southbound out of Frater.
An early affiliate was the Algoma Eastern, west from Sudbury through Espanola to Little Current on Manitoulin Island, 86.9 miles in Drury’s account. Canadian Pacific leased it in 1930. One Algoma Central engine, 2-6-0 No. 27, was built for the Manitoulin & North Shore subsidiary and later became Algoma Eastern 50. It is on the steam roster below, once.
The company came out of the long receivership in 1958. Its history dates a Toronto Stock Exchange listing to May 21, 1958, and the completed refinancing to November 14, 1958. Shipping, real estate, and the forest lands became the larger business. On April 30, 1990, with shareholder approval, the company was renamed Algoma Central Corporation. The railway continued under that parent. The name Algoma Central Railway itself had already been restored in 1965, when “and Hudson Bay” came off.
| Item | Detail |
|---|---|
| Headquarters | Sault Ste. Marie, Ontario |
| Reporting mark | AC |
| Slogan | The Route of the Black Bear |
| Province | Ontario |
| Gauge | 4 feet, 8½ inches |
| Incorporated | August 11, 1899. Algoma Central Railway Company. Capitalization $3 million. Francis H. Clergue |
| Hudson Bay name | Algoma Central & Hudson Bay Railway, May 23, 1901. The name Algoma Central Railway was restored in 1965 |
| Land grant | Land Grant Aid Act of 1900. More than 1.6 million acres |
| Main line | Sault Ste. Marie–Hearst, 296 miles. Hawk Junction at 165 miles, in 1912. Hearst in 1914. The October 15, 1969 table prints Hearst at mile 296 |
| Michipicoten | 26 miles, Hawk Junction to Michipicoten Harbour. Abandoned after the Wawa mine closed in 1998 |
| Route miles | 322, the 296-mile main line and the 26-mile branch |
| Interchanges | Canadian Pacific at Franz and Sault Ste. Marie. Canadian National at Oba and Hearst. The Soo Line at Sault Ste. Marie on the 1969 table |
| Corporation | Algoma Central Corporation, April 30, 1990 |
| Wisconsin Central | February 1, 1995 |
| Canadian National | October 9, 2001, with the Wisconsin Central |
| Since 2022 | Watco’s Agawa Canyon Railroad, Sault Ste. Marie to Oba. Canadian National kept Oba–Hearst |
| Steam | 59 locomotives |
| Diesels | 42 bought for the railway before the 1995 sale. Former VIA covered wagons assigned in 1995 are extra |
| Tour train | Agawa Canyon Tour Train. The published 2026 fall season runs through October 18 |
The sheet reproduced here is the Algoma Central’s page in a 1969 guide. L. C. Waugh is president and general manager, at Sault Ste. Marie. The table is dated October 15, 1969, Eastern time. Trains 1 and 2 are the passenger trains between Sault Ste. Marie and Hearst. The Michipicoten branch is on the same page, running from Hawk Junction. The connections printed there are Canadian Pacific and the Soo Line at Sault Ste. Marie, Canadian Pacific at Franz, and Canadian National at Oba and at Hearst. Hearst is at mile 296.
The Algoma Central’s page in a 1969 guide, with the system map and the October 15, 1969 table. Author’s collection. L. C. Waugh, president and general manager. The table prints Hearst at mile 296.
The Duluth, South Shore & Atlantic was the American road at Sault Ste. Marie in the earlier years. On this 1969 sheet that side of the river is the Soo Line. The map shows the Soo Subdivision up to Hawk Junction, the Michipicoten Subdivision off to the harbour, and the Northern Subdivision on to Oba and Hearst.
The canyon of the Agawa River became the railroad’s public face. The park stop is 114 rail miles north of Sault Ste. Marie. In 1950 the railroad tested an EMD FP7 demonstrator, No. 7001. It then bought road-switchers from General Motors Diesel at London, Ontario, rather than covered wagons. Glischinski describes the new paint as maroon, yellow, and gray, the same combination the Lackawanna was using. The railroad is remembered as the first in Canada to dieselize completely. The last two GP7s, 169 and 170, were built in December 1952.
Ore from the Helen mine country moved to Michipicoten Harbour, and coal moved inland from the docks. Glischinski assigns the 2-10-2s of 1929 to the coal trains between those docks and the Canadian National interchanges at Oba and Hearst. Pulpwood and other forest freight stayed on the railroad after the steam was gone. The Wawa mine closed in 1998, and the Michipicoten branch was abandoned after that.
The canyon train outlasted the branch. Watco’s Agawa Canyon Tour Train is running a 2026 season from Sault Ste. Marie, with the fall dates published through October 18, 2026. The depot remained in the Canal District for this season.
The steam roster is 59 locomotives, counted once. The early secondhand engines and the 1900–1902 new power were gone by 1926. What remained for the road were the Ten-Wheelers of 1912, the Consolidations of 1911 and 1913, and the two Santa Fe types of 1929. Wartime traffic brought seventeen secondhand Mikados between 1940 and 1943: seven from the Wabash, two from the Virginian, and eight from the Minneapolis & St. Louis. The equipment list scraps that later group in 1951–53.
| Class | Numbers | Type | Builder | Built | Acquired | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1–4 | 4-6-0 | Mason | 1863–1864 | September 30, 1899 | Ex-Lehigh Valley 37, 39, 43, and 52. Nos. 1–3 are April 1863, November 1863, and September 1864. Sold by 1918. No. 1 sold in 1914 | |
| 5–11 | 0-4-0 | Various | 1869–1886 | 1899 | Seven former Chicago, Burlington & Quincy switchers. Build dates run from 1869 into the 1880s. Sold in 1914–15 | |
| S-1 | 19–20 | 0-6-0 | CLC, Kingston | April 1902 | New | Gone with the other early steam by 1926 |
| C-1 | 21 | 2-8-0 | Baldwin | May 1900 | New | Works 17796. Gone by 1926 |
| C-1 | 22 | 2-8-0 | Baldwin | June 1900 | New | Works 17811. Scrapped May 1924 |
| C-1 | 23 | 2-8-0 | Baldwin | August 1900 | New | Works 18011. Gone by 1926 |
| C-1 | 24 | 2-8-0 | Baldwin | August 1900 | New | Works 18033. Built as a Vauclain compound and later converted to simple. Gone by 1926 |
| 25–26 | 4-8-0 | Brooks | April 1892 | 1902 | 25 ex-Iron Range & Huron Bay 302, works 2073. 26 ex-Iron Range & Huron Bay 301, works 2072. The only two of the type to run in Canada. Sold or scrapped in 1917 | |
| M-1 | 27 | 2-6-0 | Montreal | January 1907 | New | Works 41092. Built for the Manitoulin & North Shore, lettered for the Algoma Central & Hudson Bay, and assigned to the subsidiary. Became Algoma Eastern 50 around 1911. Scrapped in 1927. Counted once |
| C-2 | 28–37 | 2-8-0 | Montreal | April 1911 | New | Works 49852–49861. Ten engines. Scrapped 1951–53 |
| C-3 | 38–42 | 2-8-0 | CLC, Kingston | March 1913 | New | Works 1094–1098. Scrapped 1951–53 |
| 50–51 | 2-10-2 | CLC, Kingston | July 1929 | New | Works 1858–1859. Coal trains from the Michipicoten docks to Oba and Hearst. Scrapped 1951–53 | |
| 60 | 2-8-2 | Baldwin | 1912 | 1942 | Works 37854. Ex-Wabash 2426. Scrapped 1951–53 | |
| 61 | 2-8-2 | Alco, Richmond | 1912 | 1942 | Works 50656. Ex-Wabash 2412. Scrapped 1951–53 | |
| 62–66 | 2-8-2 | Alco, Pittsburgh | 1913 | 1942 | Ex-Wabash 2460, 2455, 2457, 2463, and 2458. Works 52466, 52461, 52463, 52469, and 52464, in that order. Scrapped 1951–53 | |
| 70–71 | 2-8-2 | Baldwin | July 1910 | July 26, 1943 | 70 ex-Virginian 462, works 34925. 71 ex-Virginian 455, works 34984. Usually assigned on the Michipicoten grade. Scrapped 1951–53 | |
| 80–82 | 2-8-2 | Alco, Schenectady | January 1915 | March 1942 | Ex-Minneapolis & St. Louis 602, 608, and 613. Works 54987, 54993, and 54998. Scrapped 1951–53 | |
| 83, 85 | 2-8-2 | Alco, Brooks | January 1916 | March 1942 | 83 ex-Minneapolis & St. Louis 618, works 55559. 85 ex-Minneapolis & St. Louis 617, works 55558. Scrapped 1951–53 | |
| 84 | 2-8-2 | Alco, Schenectady | January 1915 | March 1942 | Works 54990. Ex-Minneapolis & St. Louis 605. Scrapped 1951–53 | |
| 86–87 | 2-8-2 | Alco, Brooks | December 1920 | March 1942 | 86 ex-Minneapolis & St. Louis 621, works 62563. 87 ex-Minneapolis & St. Louis 624, works 62566. Scrapped 1951–53 | |
| C | 100–104 | 4-6-0 | CLC, Kingston | April 1912 | New | Works 1022–1026. The five Ten-Wheelers bought new in 1912. Only No. 100 is given a scrap date on the equipment list, 1951–53 |
The 42 are the locomotives bought for the Algoma Central before Wisconsin Central took the railway. Twenty-one GP7s, 150–170, came from General Motors Diesel at London in 1951 and 1952. Two SW8s, 140 and 141, came with them. Two GP9s followed in August 1963. Three SD40s came in October 1971, and six SD40-2s in 1973. Two rebuilt former Milwaukee Road GP40s, 190 and 191, were acquired in 1994. Six GP38-2s, 200–205, were built for the railroad in April 1981 and were the last new power. That is 2 + 21 + 2 + 3 + 6 + 2 + 6.
Five of the GP7s went back to London in 1978 and returned as 100–104. Those five numbers are the same frames, already inside the 21. Four others, 157, 158, 167, and 170, were rebuilt by Canadian National at Transcona in Winnipeg in 1979 and kept their numbers. No. 172, serial A2019, is the last GP9 built. No. 171 went to the Maine Central in 1981 as No. 450. The date column is the builder’s date. The order column is blank.
Three Algoma Central GP7 rebuilds, led by No. 104, on the canyon train at Sault Ste. Marie in June 1979. Rob Kitchen photo. No. 104 was rebuilt in May 1978 from GP7 156, serial A263. The rebuild serial is A3545.
An Algoma Central SD40 and a pair of SD40-2s at the enclosed turntable, Steelton Shops, Sault Ste. Marie, on August 13, 1994. Wade Massie photo. Wisconsin Central took the railway the following February.
| Model | Numbers | Serial | Order | Built | Qty | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| GMD SW8 | 140 | A297 | — | December 1951 | 1 | Later Wisconsin Central 900 |
| GMD SW8 | 141 | A281 | — | April 1952 | 1 | Built for this railroad |
| GMD GP7 | 150–153 | A170–A173 | — | January 1951 | 4 | Built for this railroad. First of the 21 GP7s |
| GMD GP7 | 154 | A231 | — | February 1951 | 1 | Built for this railroad |
| GMD GP7 | 155 | A262 | — | August 1951 | 1 | Rebuilt May 1978 as No. 103, serial A3544. Same frame |
| GMD GP7 | 156 | A263 | — | August 1951 | 1 | Rebuilt May 1978 as No. 104, serial A3545. Later Wisconsin Central 1504. Same frame |
| GMD GP7 | 157 | A264 | — | September 1951 | 1 | Rebuilt by Canadian National at Transcona in 1979. Kept its number |
| GMD GP7 | 158 | A265 | — | October 1951 | 1 | Rebuilt by Canadian National at Transcona in 1979. Kept its number. Later Wisconsin Central 1506 |
| GMD GP7 | 159 | A266 | — | October 1951 | 1 | Built for this railroad |
| GMD GP7 | 160–161 | A267–A268 | — | November 1951 | 2 | Built for this railroad |
| GMD GP7 | 162 | A269 | — | December 1951 | 1 | Rebuilt June 1978 as No. 100, serial A3541. Later Wisconsin Central 1501. Same frame |
| GMD GP7 | 163–164 | A270–A271 | — | December 1951 | 2 | Built for this railroad |
| GMD GP7 | 165 | A272 | — | January 1952 | 1 | Rebuilt June 1978 as No. 102, serial A3543. Same frame |
| GMD GP7 | 166 | A273 | — | January 1952 | 1 | Built for this railroad |
| GMD GP7 | 167 | A274 | — | January 1952 | 1 | Rebuilt by Canadian National at Transcona in 1979. Kept its number |
| GMD GP7 | 168 | A275 | — | February 1952 | 1 | Built for this railroad |
| GMD GP7 | 169 | A441 | — | December 1952 | 1 | Rebuilt June 1978 as No. 101, serial A3542. Later Wisconsin Central 1502. Same frame |
| GMD GP7 | 170 | A442 | — | December 1952 | 1 | Rebuilt by Canadian National at Transcona in 1979. Kept its number. The lead unit in the 1960s canyon photograph |
| GMD GP9 | 171 | A2018 | — | August 1963 | 1 | Sold to the Maine Central in 1981 as No. 450 |
| GMD GP9 | 172 | A2019 | — | August 1963 | 1 | Last GP9 built. Sold to the Essex Terminal in 1986 as No. 102 |
| GMD SD40 | 180–182 | A2561–A2563 | — | October 1971 | 3 | Built for this railroad. 181 later Wisconsin Central 6001. 180 and 182 were wrecked and scrapped |
| GMD SD40-2 | 183 | A2869 | — | August 1973 | 1 | Built for this railroad |
| GMD SD40-2 | 184–185 | A2870–A2871 | — | September 1973 | 2 | Built for this railroad. 184 was wrecked |
| GMD SD40-2 | 186 | A2955 | — | September 1973 | 1 | Built for this railroad |
| GMD SD40-2 | 187–188 | A2956–A2957 | — | October 1973 | 2 | Built for this railroad |
| EMD GP40 | 190 | 32300 | — | October 1966 | 1 | Acquired 1994, rebuilt. Ex-Soo Line 2018, nee Milwaukee Road 192. Later Wisconsin Central 3026 |
| EMD GP40 | 191 | 32478 | — | January 1967 | 1 | Acquired 1994, rebuilt. Ex-Soo Line 2034, nee Milwaukee Road 161. Later Wisconsin Central 3027 |
| GMD GP38-2 | 200–205 | A4067–A4072 | — | April 1981 | 6 | Built for this railroad. Last new power. To Wisconsin Central with the railway |
At the sale, Kennedy’s count of the locomotives still on the property was 23: one SW8, eight GP7s, all six GP38-2s, one SD40, five SD40-2s, and the two GP40s. That 23 is the fleet conveyed in 1995. The 42 above counts every frame the railway had bought, including locomotives already sold, scrapped, or rebuilt into 100–104.
The canyon train’s covered wagons came after that sale. In 1995 Wisconsin Central assigned former VIA units to the tour, seven A-units and four B-units in Kennedy’s count. They were not rebuilt, and Canadian National replaced them in 2001–02. The seven A-units sit outside the 42.
Algoma Central FP9 No. 1754 with the tour train. No. 1754 was built in March 1957 as Canadian National 6525, serial A1197, and was assigned to the canyon train after the Wisconsin Central purchase.
| Model | Numbers | Serial | Order | Built | Qty | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| GMD FP9 | 1750 | A632 | — | September 1954 | 1 | Built as Canadian National 6502. Later VIA 6502. To the Algoma tour train in 1995 |
| GMD FP9 | 1751 | A636 | — | November 1954 | 1 | Built as Canadian National 6506. Later VIA 6506. To the tour train in 1995 |
| GMD FP9 | 1752 | A641 | — | January 1955 | 1 | Built as Canadian National 6511. Later VIA 6511. To the tour train in 1995 |
| GMD FP9 | 1753 | A1044 | — | January 1957 | 1 | Built as Canadian National 6514. Later VIA 6514. To the tour train in 1995 |
| GMD FP9 | 1754 | A1197 | — | March 1957 | 1 | Built as Canadian National 6525. Later VIA 6525. The locomotive in the photograph above |
| GMD FP9 | 1755 | A1203 | — | May 1957 | 1 | Built as Canadian National 6531. Later VIA 6531. To the tour train in 1995 |
| GMD FP7u | 1756 | A524 | — | June 1953 | 1 | Built as Canadian Pacific 4103. Later VIA 6553. To the tour train in 1995 |
On February 1, 1995, Wisconsin Central took the Algoma Central Railway. A 1995 chronology, citing Trains, records the last train of the old company into Steelton Yard at 1:45 a.m. and Wisconsin Central’s first train out at 2:45 a.m. The railway ran as Algoma Central Railway, Inc., under Wisconsin Central Canada Holdings. Canadian National acquired Wisconsin Central on October 9, 2001, and the Ontario line came with it.
On March 30, 2021, Canadian National agreed to sell Watco the former Algoma Central from Sault Ste. Marie to Oba, together with former Wisconsin Central branches in Wisconsin and Michigan. Watco began operating the Ontario piece in 2022, as the Agawa Canyon Railroad. The tour train stayed with that sale. Canadian National kept the railroad from Oba to Hearst. The 2026 canyon season is still running from Sault Ste. Marie.
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